Satellites in a highly inclined orbit, such as a polar orbit, take more energy than a satellite that circles the Earth over the equator. When the payload reaches the apogee at the GEO altitude of 35 786 km, it fires its engines in such a way that it enters onto the circular GEO orbit and stays there, shown by the red line in the diagram. Some seem to hover over a single spot, providing a constant view of one face of the Earth, while others circle the planet, zipping over many different places in a day.There are essentially three types of Earth orbits: high Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, and low Earth orbit. The length of each red arrow in this diagram represents the distance traveled by a satellite in an hour. Those used for direct broadcast television, i.e. This is fine by us, just as long as we do get a copy of the itemization after you have received it. In this highly inclined orbit, the satellite moves around the Earth from pole to pole, taking about 99 minutes to complete an orbit. The phone worked great and I appreciate all the help you provided in getting it to me on short notice.Please feel free to call me if you have any questions. Other orbital “sweet spots,” just beyond high Earth orbit, are the Lagrange points. A satellite in a Sun-synchronous orbit would usually be at an altitude of between 600 to 800 km.

A geostationary orbit is valuable for the constant view it provides, but satellites in a geostationary orbit are parked over the equator, so they don’t work well for far northern or southern locations, which are always on the edge of view for a geostationary satellite. Today I called your office just to verify that, and asked to be sure and send the itemized bill to us as another doctor used the phone on this trip to Tanzania, and we will need his portion of the calls separated out so that he can reimburse Dr. B. There are several types of orbits: Polar; Sun Synchronous ; Geosynchronous. Two medium Earth orbits are notable: the semi-synchronous orbit and the Molniya orbit.The semi-synchronous orbit is a near-circular orbit (low eccentricity) 26,560 kilometers from the center of the Earth (about 20,200 kilometers above the surface). Reaching GEO in this way is an example of one of the most common transfer orbits, called the geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).Orbits have different eccentricities – a measure of how circular (round) or elliptical (squashed) an orbit is. Invented by the Russians, the Molniya orbit works well for observing high latitudes. If a spacecraft was launched to other points in space very distant from Earth, they would naturally fall into an orbit around the Sun, and those spacecraft would soon end up far from Earth, making communication difficult. It is a good location for space telescopes, including the future The third Lagrange point is opposite the Earth on the other side of the Sun so that the Sun is always between it and Earth. A satellite that orbits directly above the equator has zero inclination. This orbit is a The Sun-synchronous orbit is necessary for science because it keeps the angle of sunlight on the surface of the Earth as consistent as possible, though the angle will change from season to season. This is much farther from Earth’s surface compared to many satellites.GEO is used by satellites that need to stay constantly above one particular place over Earth, such as telecommunication satellites. Types of Orbits. Therefore, it has a relatively low inclination (35 degrees), staying near the equator.Many of the satellites in NASA’s Earth Observing System have a nearly polar orbit. At 800 km, it will be travelling at a speed of approximately 7.5 km per second.Transfer orbits are a special kind of orbit used to get from one orbit to another. Satellites at these three points need constant adjustments to stay balanced and in place. (NASA illustration by Robert Simmon)The higher a satellite’s orbit, the slower it moves. Basically, there are 3 kinds of satellite orbits, which depend on its position relative to the surface of the Earth. The Baikonur Cosmodrome (right), located at 49° north, is frequently used to launch satellites into polar and Molniya orbits, as well as to send astronauts and supplies to the International Space Station. If a satellite orbits from the north pole (geographic, not magnetic) to the south pole, its inclination is 90 degrees.Together, the satellite’s height, eccentricity, and inclination determine the satellite’s path and what view it will have of Earth.When a satellite reaches exactly 42,164 kilometers from the center of the Earth (about 36,000 kilometers from Earth’s surface), it enters a sort of “sweet spot” in which its orbit matches Earth’s rotation. Satellites at the last two Lagrange points are more like a ball in a bowl: even if perturbed, they return to the Lagrange point.The first Lagrange point is located between the Earth and the Sun, giving satellites at this point a constant view of the Sun. Since Earth isn’t a perfect sphere, its gravity is stronger in some places compared to others. Each piece of debris was added to the database of more than 18,000 manmade objects currently in Earth orbit and tracked by the U.S. Space Surveillance Network.NASA satellite mission controllers carefully track anything that may enter the path of their satellites. Just as different seats in a theater provide different perspectives on a performance, different Earth orbits give satellites varying perspectives, each valuable for different reasons.


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