Photo courtesy of MOHAI (neg.

"It usually occurs in sand, in fine sand deposits," Chian says.When the earth shook for minutes on end, water pushed upward under pressure. Where is their water supply coming from? Most are too small to be felt or cause damage. The moment magnitude scale is a type of logarithmic scale, where each increase of 1 means ~32 times more energy is released. Because they can travel great distances, tsunamis generated from earthquakes across the ocean can still cause damage. One of these cracks appeared along the pathway around Green Lake.

Each of the earthquakes listed on the bottom of the screen is capable of significant damage. Well over a year after the quake, he's still cleaning up silt that flowed into his home's ground floor.Kawahara's house is structurally sound, but the whole thing settled off kilter. That's why a reconnaissance tour of liquefaction damage in Japan made a big impression on earthquake engineer Scott Ashford of Corvallis. Liquefaction has caused significant damage during earthquakes in Washington.Many low-lying areas have wet soil or sediment beneath them that could liquefy during earthquakes. It is not yet possible to predict when a fault will have an earthquake. Even if the earthquake is too small to be felt by people, seismographs can detect it.

Faults can be grouped based on their relative movement into three types. The buildings in this photo were built on soft materials that liquefied during the 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan. This data has been published at a scale of … Paleoseismologists have found places that record many of these tsunami deposits.

Some of the damage from those quakes in Japan and New Zealand resulted from a phenomenon called liquefaction. These differences are related to the overall pattern of stress in the crust, what types of rocks the crust is made from, and how many faults there are.After large earthquakes there are usually many aftershock earthquakes. In Seattle, the quake damaged buildings, weakened bridges, started fires and opened cracks in the earth. Oregon, Idaho and Washington have all received federal grants to map liquefaction susceptibility. Unlike sound, ground shaking can be amplified or attenuated (made less) depending on the type of material at the Earth’s surface.

These maps are based on analyses of 140 geotechnical borings; these data were "We knew that if an earthquake came, this area would be weak since it's a landfill," Kawahara says. PRELIMINARY MAPS OF LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR THE RENTON AND AUBURN 7.5' QUADRANGLES, WASHINGTON by STEPHEN P. PALMER SUMMARY Liquefaction susceptibility maps are presented for the Renton and Auburn 7.5' topographic quadrangles. "Kawahara's home is more than 200 miles away from the earthquake epicenter. Also, very large earthquakes were difficult to measure accurately. "Then they can turn on shaking hazard layer or they can turn on the liquefaction potential.

During the shaking liquefaction occurred, the sand lost its strength, and the car sunk. He says it's not a gap that can be fixed overnight.Ashford figures it will cost billions of dollars to strengthen all of the Northwest's vulnerable bridges, schools, fuel depots, fire stations, etc.Defenses against liquefaction include compacting or "densifying" the soil before construction or installing stone columns or pilings beneath a foundation.

Look for that this fall or winter.You can take a look at Idaho Geological Survey - Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps using the links below.This is SCIENCE FRIDAY. The tsunamis can travel far inland and deposit layers of sand and organic material. Other faults may lie entirely underground, or could be covered by vegetation and (or) sediment. By finding the age of the deformed layer, a paleoseismologist can determine the minimum age of the fault.Large earthquakes, like those from the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26, 1700, often create tsunamis. Each of these aftershocks would be a significant earthquake if it happened on its own.Earthquakes cause damage by moving and shaking the ground, sometimes for several minutes. Here, in San Francisco, everybody is shaking their head.Urayasu, Japan homeowner Toru Kawahara describes damage caused by the March 2011 earthquakeSoil liquefaction and lateral spreading in Tumwater, WA after the 2001 Nisqually Quake.
Do you know what to do if there is an earthquake?When earthquakes occur on faults that reach the Earth’s surface, the ground may rupture. Photo from View of the Sunset Lake liquefaction failure about three weeks after the earthquake. Where are the critical facilities?

Where's the fire station? Even when the location of a fault is known, there is much additional work to determine how hazardous it may be. This report describes the results of a detailed investigation of improved procedures for evaluation of liquefaction hazards in Washington State, and describes the development and use of a computer program, WSliq, that allows rapid and convenient performance of improved analyses. In effect, the wave energy is ‘trapped’ by the edges of the body of water.Since about 1870 there have been about 15 large earthquakes (greater than M5) in the state.Before modern record keeping, Native Americans lived in the Pacific Northwest for thousands of years. Most damage and loss of life in earthquakes is a result of ground shaking. The shaking can damage or destroy buildings and other infrastructure. The more you know what to expect, the better prepared you will be to help yourself, your family, and others around you.Know what to expect. People had to use porta-potties for months afterwards. The Tsunamis triggered by earthquakes usually require at least a M7 event. This map shows areas of seismic risk from high (red) to low (grayish-green). It may not be possible to find water, fuel, or food until services are restored days or even weeks after the event.The Cascadia subduction zone last ruptured over 300 years ago on January 26, 1700.


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